Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) cultivated in Brazil on acute liver disease in dogs / [Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) cultivada no Brasil na doença hepática aguda em cães]

Bidens pilosa L. is a medicinal plant popularly used for treatment of liver diseases. In this study, the dry extract of aerial parts of Bidens pilosa and Silymarin, a phytocomplex obtained from the Silybum marianum fruits and marketed as hepatoprotective, were tested in dogs experimentally acutely intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride. The liver activity was evaluated by hematological and biochemical profiles, and histological and ultrasound analyzes. It was observed that the lowest serum activities of ALT and serum concentrations of total bilirubin occurred in the groups treated with the dry extract of Bidens pilosa, while only decreased serum concentrations of total bilirubin occurred in the group treated with Silymarin. Best liver recovery was also observed for the dry extract of B. pilosa at a 400mg/Kg dose by ultrasonography. This study showed that the dry extract of Bidens pilosa acted more efficiently in the treatment of acute toxic hepatitis induced in dogs than Silymarin.(AU)

Bidens pilosa L. é uma planta medicinal utilizada popularmente para tratamento de doenças hepáticas. Neste trabalho, o extrato seco das partes aéreas da Bidens pilosa e a silimarina, um fitocomplexo obtido dos frutos da Silybum marianum e comercializado como hepatoprotetor, foram testados em cães intoxicados experimentalmente de forma aguda com tetracloreto de carbono. A atividade hepática foi avaliada por meio dos perfis hematológico e bioquímico, análises histológica e ultrassonográfica. Observou-se que, nos grupos tratados com o extrato seco da Bidens pilosa, ocorreram as menores atividades séricas da ALT e de concentrações séricas de bilirrubina total, enquanto no grupo tratado com silimarina, ocorreu apenas diminuição de concentrações séricas de bilirrubina total. Melhor recuperação hepática também foi verificada para o extrato seco de B. pilosa na dose de 400mg/kg por ultrassonografia. Este estudo evidenciou que o extrato seco da Bidens pilosa atuou de forma mais eficiente no tratamento da hepatite aguda tóxica induzida em cães do que a silimarina.(AU)

Rdh13 deficiency weakens carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury by regulating Spot14 and Cyp2e1 expression levels / 医学前沿

Mitochondrion-localized retinol dehydrogenase 13 (Rdh13) is a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase involved in vitamin A metabolism in both humans and mice. We previously generated Rdh13 knockout mice and showed that Rdh13 deficiency causes severe acute retinal light damage. In this study, considering that Rdh13 is highly expressed in mouse liver, we further evaluated the potential effect of Rdh13 on liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl). Although Rdh13 deficiency showed no significant effect on liver histology and physiological functions under regular culture, the Rdh13 mice displayed an attenuated response to CCl-induced liver injury. Their livers also exhibited less histological changes and contained lower levels of liver-related metabolism enzymes compared with the livers of wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, the Rdh13 mice had Rdh13 deficiency and thus their liver cells were protected from apoptosis, and the quantity of their proliferative cells became lower than that in WTafter CCl exposure. The ablation of Rdh13 gene decreased the expression levels of thyroid hormone-inducible nuclear protein 14 (Spot14) and cytochrome P450 (Cyp2e1) in the liver, especially after CCl treatment for 48 h. These data suggested that the alleviated liver damage induced by CCl in Rdh13 mice was caused by Cyp2e1 enzymes, which promoted reductive CCl metabolism by altering the status of thyroxine metabolism. This result further implicated Rdh13 as a potential drug target in preventing chemically induced liver injury.

Avaliação físico-química de óleos da amêndoa de pequi ( Caryocar brasiliense Camb. ) obtidos artesanalmente e por prensagem a frio e sua influência sobre marcadores bioquímicos, oxidativos e inflamatórios de ratos submetidos à toxicidade aguda por tetracloreto de carbono / Evaluation of physical-chemistry properties of handmade and cold-pressed pequi ( Caryocar brasiliense Camb. ) almond oil and its influence on biochemical, oxidative and inflammatory markers in rats subjected to carbon tetrachloride-induced acute toxicity

O óleo da amêndoa de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) é considerado um coproduto do fruto, consumido na região do Cerrado, bioma brasileiro. Ele é fundamental para agregar valor e ampliar a utilização deste fruto regional a outros setores produtivos comerciais. Relatos na literatura apontam que o óleo possui capacidade antioxidante e efeitos benéficos sobre doenças inflamatórias, que estão associados à presença de ácidos graxos insaturados e fitoquímicos em sua composição química. Por outro lado, o tetracloreto de carbono (CCl4) é uma potente hepatotoxina, capaz de gerar radicais livres que levam ao estresse oxidativo e à inflamação. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar os óleos da amêndoa de pequi obtidos artesanalmente e por prensagem a frio e verificar o efeito de seus constituintes graxos e bioativos sobre parâmetros oxidativos e inflamatórios de ratos submetidos à toxicidade aguda induzida por tetracloreto de carbono. Inicialmente, foram investigados os parâmetros de qualidade dos óleos, bem como o perfil de ácidos graxos, teores de compostos bioativos, capacidade antioxidante e estabilidade termo-oxidativa. Os óleos da amêndoa de pequi apresentaram boa qualidade e resistência termo-oxidativa e mostraram-se ricos em ácido graxo oleico, além de possuírem compostos com propriedades antioxidantes, como fenólicos, carotenoides, tocoferóis e fitosteróis. Posteriormente, o efeito do tratamento por 22 dias com óleos da amêndoa de pequi artesanal ou prensado a frio (3 mL/kg) sobre a toxicidade aguda induzida pelo CCl4 em ratos "Wistar" machos foi avaliado. Para tal, foram determinados marcadores bioquímicos séricos, perfil lipídico, peroxidação lipídica, marcadores do sistema de defesa antioxidante e detoxificante, além de parâmetros inflamatórios do tecido hepático. De maneira geral, verificou-se que os óleos da amêndoa de pequi não minimizaram as alterações hepáticas induzidas pelo CCl4, evidenciadas pelas enzimas marcadoras do dano hepático e por parâmetros inflamatórios, no entanto os animais tratados com o óleo prensado a frio aumentaram sua capacidade antioxidante

The pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) almond oil is considered a by-product of the fruit, consumed in the Brazilian savannah region. It is essential to add value and increase the use this regional fruit to other commercial productive sectors. The pequi almond oil has been reported to possess antioxidant capacity and beneficial effect on inflammatory diseases due its chemical composition in unsaturated fatty compounds and phytochemicals. On the other hand, the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a potent hepatotoxin that is capable of generating free radicals and lead to oxidative stress and inflammation. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize the pequi almond oils obtained by handmade and cold-press process and verify the effect of their fatty acids and bioactive constituents on oxidative and inflammatory parameters in rats submitted to carbon tetrachloride-induced acute toxicity. Initially, quality parameters, chemical composition and thermo-oxidative stability of the oils were investigated. The pequi almond oils showed good quality and thermo-oxidative resistance and shown to be rich in oleic fatty acid, besides the presence of compounds with antioxidant properties, such as phenolics, carotenoids, tocopherols and phytosterols. Subsequently, the effect of the oils (3 mL/kg) treatment for 22 days on acute toxicity induced by CCl4 in male Wistar rats was evaluated. The serum biochemical markers levels, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, markers of antioxidant defense and detoxication and inflammatory parameters in liver tissue were determined. In general, it was found that the pequi almond oil not minimized liver alterations induced by CCl4, as evidenced by the liver function enzymes and the inflammatory parameters, however in animals which received the cold pressed oil was increased antioxidant capacity

Antioxidant activities of crude phlorotannins from Sargassum hemiphyllum / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Brown algae are well known as a source of biologically active compounds, especially those having antioxidant activities, such as phlorotannins. In this study we examined the antioxidant activities of crude phlorotannins extracts (CPEs) obtained from Sargassum hemiphyllum (SH) and fractionated according to the molecular weights. When CPEs were administrated at a dose of 30 mg/kg to Kunming mice pre-treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), the levels of oxidative stress indicators in the liver, kidney and brain were significantly reduced in vivo. All the components of various molecular weight fractions of CPEs exhibited greater scavenging capacities in clearing hydroxyl free radical and superoxide anion than the positive controls gallic acid, vitamin C and vitamin E. Particularly, the components greater than 30 kD obtained from ethyl acetate phase showed the highest antioxidant capacities. These results indicated that SH is a potential source for extracting phlorotannins, the algal antioxidant compounds.

Efecto hepatoprotector del Noni-C® en la intoxicación experimental inducida por tetracloruro de carbono / Noni-C® hepatoprotective effect in experimental intoxication induced by carbon tetrachloride

INTRODUCCIÓN: las enfermedades hepáticas son un serio problema de salud y la carencia de un tratamiento efectivo en la medicina moderna hace que aumenten los esfuerzos por hallar medicamentos naturales apropiados. OBJETIVO: determinar el efecto hepatoprotector del producto natural Noni-C® en la intoxicación experimental por tetracloruro de carbono (CCl4). MÉTODOS: estudio experimental en ratas Wistar macho; se emplearon cuatro grupos de trabajo, uno control negativo, uno control positivo tratado con CCl4 y dos experimentales tratados con Noni-C® a las dosis 200 y 400 mg/kg de peso corporal durante 21 días, más CCl4 postratamiento con Noni-C® por 3 días a la dosis 0,5 mL/kg intraperitoneal. Se determinaron los niveles de transaminasa glutámico pirúvica y glutámico oxalacética. Se realizó análisis histopatológico para determinar lesión hepática y renal de diferente grado. RESULTADOS: se obtuvo reducción significativa de la transaminasa glutámico pirúvica al comparar las dosis de 200 y 400 mg/kg. Se observó disminución de las lesiones histopatológicas hepáticas y renales, de esteatosis hepática severa a leve y moderada, y de necrosis tubular aguda a tumefacción celular moderada, respectivamente, a la dosis 400 mg/kg de Noni-C®. CONCLUSIÓN: el tratamiento preventivo con Noni-C® a la dosis 400 mg/kg reduce la gravedad del daño hepático resultante de la intoxicación por CCl4. Por las características químico-físicas del producto y la variedad de compuestos identificados en el fruto, entre ellos vitaminas y minerales que contribuyen con su capacidad antioxidante, se recomienda su estudio en la prevención de enfermedades hepáticas.

INTRODUCTION: liver diseases are a serious health problem and the lack of effective treatment in modern medicine drives up efforts to find suitable natural medicines. OBJECTIVE: determine the hepatoprotective effect of Noni-c® natural product in experimental poisoning carbon tetrachloride (CCL4). METHODS: an experimental study was conducted in wistar male rats; four working groups were formed: one negative control, a positive control treated with CCL4 and two experimental Noni-c® treated at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight for 21 days, plus CCL4 after treatment with Noni-C® for 3 days in 0.5 mL/kg dose intraperitoneally. Levels of glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase were determined. Histopathological analysis was performed to determine liver and kidney damage at different levels. RESULTS: significant reduction in glutamic pyruvic transaminase was observed when comparing 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. Decrease liver and kidney histopathological lesions, severe to mild and moderate hepatic steatosis were observed; acute tubular necrosis or moderate cell swelling, respectively, at 400 mg/kg Noni-c® dose was also observed. CONCLUSION: preventive treatment at 400 mg/kg Noni-c® dose reduced the severity of liver damage resulting from CCl4 poisoning. Due to the chemical-physical product features and variety of compounds identified in this fruit, including vitamins and minerals which contribute as antioxidant, its study is recommended in preventing liver diseases.

Efecto hepatoprotector del extracto acuoso de Ocimum basilicum L. albahaca morada en Rattus novergicus variedad Sprague Dawley ratas intoxicados con tetracloruro de carbono. Arequipa 2014 / Hepatoprotective effect of the aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum L. purple basil in Rattus novergicus variety Sprague Dawley rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride. Arequipa 2014

Se evaluó el efecto hepatoprotector del extracto acuoso de Ocimum basilicum L. "albahaca morada" en Rattus novergicus variedad Sprague Dawley intoxicados con tetracloruro de carbono en Arequipa 2014. El experimento se realizó en el Bioterio de la Universidad Católica de Santa María durante los meses de Octubre a Diciembre. Se utilizaron 24 Rattus novergicus variedad Sprague Dawley machos distribuidos en cuatro grupos de 6 ratas cada uno: Al grupo blanco se le administró tetracloruro de carbono por vía intraperitoneal a dosis de 0.5ml/kg/2v/semana, con el objetivo de producir daño hepático. Al grupo experimental N° 1 se le administró tetracloruro de carbono por vía intraperitoneal a dosis de 0.5ml7kg/2v/semana, y por via orogástrica extracto acuoso de Ocimum basüicum L. a dosis de 0.5g/kg/día. Grupo experimental N° 2 se le administró tetracloruro de carbono por vía intraperitoneal a dosis de 0.5ml/kg/2v/semana, y por vía orogástrica extracto acuoso de ocimum basilicum a dosis de 1.0g/kg/día. Finalmente al grupo experimental N° 3 se le administró tetracloruro de carbono por vía intraperitoneal a dosis de 0.5ml/kg/2v/semana, y vía orogástrica el fármaco hepatoprotector, hepabionta a dosis de 1.5mglkg/día. (Grupo control) La actividad hepática se evaluó a los diez, veinte, y treinta días utilizando el método de Valtex en la determinación de TGO y TGP. Al finalizar el periodo de tratamiento se sacrificó a los animales de experimentación para realizar el estudio histológico del hígado. En los resultados se observa disminución significativa en la actividad de TGO y TGP en el grupo experimental N°2 de los animales de experimentación que recibieron vía orogástrica Ocimum basilicum L. "Albahaca morada" a dosis de 1.0g/kg/día y en el grupo experimental N° 3 de los animales de experimentación que recibieron hepabionta a dosis de 1.5mg/kg/día y una mejoría de grado severo a moderado en la evaluación histopatológica, del tejido hepático.

Preventive effects of the polysaccharide of Larimichthys crocea swim bladder on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic damage / 中国天然药物

The aim of the present study was to determine the preventive effects of the polysaccharide of Larimichthys crocea swim bladder (PLCSB) on CCl4-induced hepatic damage in ICR mice. The in vitro preventive effects of PLCSB on CCl4-induced liver cytotoxic effect were evaluated in BRL 3A rat liver cells using the MTT assay. The serum levels of AST, ALT, and LDH in mice were determined using commercially available kits. The levels of IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were determined using ELISA kits. The pathological analysis of hepatic tissues was performed with H and E staining, and the gene and protein expressions were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. PLCSB (20 μg·mL(-1)) could increase the growth of BRL 3A rat liver cells treated with CCl4. The serum levels of AST, ALT, and LDH were significantly decreased when the mice were treated with two doses of PLCSB, compared with the control mice (P < 0.05). PLCSB-treated groups also showed reduced levels of the serum pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. PLCSB could decrease the liver weight, compared to the CCl4-treated control mice. The histopathology sections of liver tissues in the 100 mg·kg(-1) PLCSB group indicated that the animals were recovered well from CCl4 damage, but the 50 mg·kg(-1) PLCSB group showed necrosis to a more serious extent. The 100 mg·kg(-1) PLCSB group showed significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of NF-κB, iNOS, and COX-2, and increased expression of IκB-α compared with the CCl4-treated control group. In conclusion, PLCSB prevented from CCl4-induced hepatic damage in vivo.

Discomfort and unease of the subject in the interpretation movement of a Tuberculosis questionnaire / O desconforto e inquietação do sujeito em seu movimento de interpretação de um questionário sobre a tuberculose / Malestar e inquietud del sujeto en su movimiento de interpretación de un cuestionario sobre la Tuberculosis

OBJECTIVE: to propose a discussion about traces of the derivation of meanings, the subjects' discomfort and resistance when they are called upon to signify a questionnaire on the transfer of the Directly Observed Treatment of Tuberculosis policy, in order to reveal the limitations of closed questionnaires in the subject's interpretation process. METHOD: health professionals from a Primary Health Care Unit in Porto Alegre/RS were interviewed and some excerpts from the interviews were investigated in the light of French Discourse Analysis. RESULTS: resistance, discomfort, slips, silencing and the derivation of meanings were observed in the subjects' interpretation. CONCLUSION: the interpretation process has multiple meanings and varies from subject to subject. The questionnaire, as a prototype of the logically stabilized universe, fails when the purpose is to control the interpretation. Its isolated use in health research can entail inexactness or incompleteness of the collected data. Therefore, its use associated with qualitative research techniques is ideal. .

OBJETIVO: propor uma discussão a respeito de vestígios da derivação de sentidos, do desconforto e resistência dos sujeitos, quando convocados a significar um questionário referente à transferência da política do tratamento diretamente observado da tuberculose, de modo a revelar as limitações de questionários fechados, quando se trata do processo interpretativo do sujeito. MÉTODO: profissionais de saúde de uma Unidade de Atenção Primária de Saúde de Porto Alegre, RS, foram entrevistados e alguns recortes das entrevistas examinados à luz da Análise de Discurso de linha francesa. RESULTADOS: observou-se a resistência, o incômodo, o deslizamento, o silenciamento e a derivação dos sentidos no ato de interpretação dos sujeitos. CONCLUSÃO: o processo de interpretação é polissêmico e varia de sujeito para sujeito. O questionário, enquanto um protótipo do universo logicamente estabilizado, falha quando o propósito é o de controlar a interpretação. O seu uso de forma isolada, em pesquisas em saúde, pode incorrer em inexatidão ou incompletude dos dados obtidos, sendo ideal a sua utilização associada a técnicas qualitativas de pesquisa. .

OBJETIVO: proponer una discusión respecto a vestigios de la derivación de sentidos, del malestar y resistencia de los sujetos cuando convocados a significar un cuestionario respecto a la trasferencia de la política del Tratamiento Directamente Observado de la Tuberculosis, de manera a revelar las limitaciones de cuestionarios cerrados cuando se trata del proceso interpretativo del sujeto. MÉTODO: profesionales de salud de una Unidad de Atención Primaria de Salud de Porto Alegre/RS fueron entrevistados y algunos recortes de las entrevistas examinados a la luz del Análisis de Discurso de línea Francesa. RESULTADOS: fueron observados la resistencia, la molestia, el deslizamiento, el silenciamiento y la derivación de los sentidos en el acto de interpretación de los sujetos. CONCLUSIÓN: el proceso de interpretación es polisémico y varia de sujeto a sujeto. El cuestionario como un prototipo del universo lógicamente estabilizado falla cuando el objetivo es el de controlar la interpretación. Su uso de forma aislada en investigaciones en salud puede llevar a datos inexactos o incompletos, siendo ideal su utilización asociada a técnicas cualitativas de investigación. .

Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of vasicinone in mice.

Justicia adhatoda (vasaka) leaves have long been used in Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine as antitussive. Its crude extract has been previously reported to have hepatoprotective activity. Vasicinone was isolated from leaves of J. adhatoda, column purified and characterized using, TLC UV, FT-IR and 1H NMR. The isolated vasicinone was evaluated for hepatoprotective activity using (CCl4)-induced acute hepatotoxicity model in mice. CCl4 treatments lead to significant increase in SGOT, SGPT, ALP levels. Pre-treatment with vasicinone and silymarin (25 mg/kg/day for 7 days) significantly decreased these enzyme levels. Histopathology of the livers from vasicinone and silymarin pre-treated animals showed normal hepatic cords and absence of necrotic changes suggesting pronounced recovery from CCl4 induced liver damage. Both vasicinone and silymarin significantly decrease the CCl4 mediated increase in pentobarbital indiced sleeping time in experimental animals, thus indicating recovery of liver function. Based on the above results it can be concluded that vasicinone may act as hepatoprotective in mice and warrants further investigation on human volunteers.

Metabonomic study on the anti-liver injury effect of Si-Ni-San on rats by using UPLC-MS/MS / 药学学报

A UPLC-MS/MS method based on metabonomic skills was developed to study the serum metabolic changes of rats after acute liver injury induced by CCl4 and to evaluate the action mechanism of Si-Ni-San. The integrated data were exported for principal components analysis (PCA) by using SIMCA-P software, in order to find the potential biomarkers. It showed that clear separation of healthy control group, model group, silymarin group, Si-Ni-San group was achieved by using the PCA method. Nine significantly changed metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers of acute liver injury. Compared with the health control group, the model group rats showed higher levels of phenylalanine, tryptophan and GCDCA together with lower levels of LPC 16 : 0, LPC 18 : 0, LPC 18 : 1, LPC 16 : 1, LPC 20 : 4 and LPC 22 : 6. These changes of serum metabolites suggested that the disorders of amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, bile acid biosynthesis and anti-oxidative damage were related to acute liver injury induced by CCl4. Si-Ni-San might have the anti-liver injury effect on all these four metabolic pathways.

Xiayuxue Decoction (symbols; see text) attenuates hepatic stellate cell activation and sinusoidal endothelium defenestration in CCl4-induced fibrotic liver of mice / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of ancient Chinese medical formula Xiayuxue Decoction ([symbols; see text], XYXD) on activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and defenestration of sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) in CCl4-induced fibrotic liver of mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>High performance liquid chromatography was used to identify the main components of XYXD and control the quality of extraction. C57BL/6 mice were induced liver fibrosis by CCl4 exposure and administered with XYXD for 6 weeks simultaneously. Liver tissue was investigated by hematoxylin-eosin and Sirius-red staining. Sinusoidal fenestrations were observed by scanning electronic microscopy and fluorescent immunohistochemistry of PECAM-1 (CD31). Whole liver lysates were detected of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type-I collagen by Western blot. Primary rat HSCs-T6 cells were analyzed by detecting α-SMA, F-actin, DNA fragmentation through confocal microscopy, Western blot, terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and cellomics arrayscan, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Amygdalin and emodin in XYXD were identified. XYXD (993 mg/kg) inhibited Sirius red positive area up to 70.1% (P<0.01), as well as protein levels of α-SMA and type-I collagen by 42.0% and 18.5% (P<0.05) respectively. In vitro, XYXD (12.5 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL) suppressed the activation of HSCs and reversed the myofibroblastic HSCs into quiescent, demonstrated as inhibition of fluorescent F-actin by 32.3% and 46.6% (P<0.05). Besides, XYXD induced the apoptosis of HSC-T6 cells by 20.0% (P<0.05) and 49.5% (P<0.01), evidenced by enhanced TUNEL positivity. Moreover, ultrastructural observation suggested XYXD inhibited defenestration of SECs, which was confirmed by 31.1% reduction of protein level of CD31 (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>XYXD inhibited both HSCs activation and SECs defenestration which accompany chronic liver injuries. These data may help to understand the underlying mechanisms of XYXD for prevetion of chronic liver diseases.</p>

Hepatoprotective effect of herbal drug on CCl[4] induced liver damage

Herbs have been a huge source of natural substances used to treat and prevent several illnesses; therefore it is vital to identify the probable toxicity that might take place as a consequence of using herbal combinations. This study was undertaken in rabbits to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of herbal drug in normal and CCI[4] induced hepatic damage. Herbal drug was tested in 3 different doses, each group comprising of seven rabbits of either sex followed by the administration of CCI[4] with herbal drug and saline for 45 days. Liver function tests and histopathological evaluation were carried out at the end of dosing using standards kits. The result shows that normal dose of herbal drug [0.43 ml/kg] possess hepatoprotective effects against CCI[4] induced liver damage in rabbits which may be due to the various active ingredients present in herbal drug combination. Present study also suggests that there was a significant [p<0.05] increase in serum alkaline phosphatase and gamma-GT in animals kept on high dose of herbal drug [10 ml/kg]; however studies on huge number of animals and humans are requisite before reaching to definite conclusion

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of pentagamavunon-0 against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in rats

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of pentagamavunon-0(PGV-0) against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats.@*METHODS@#The groups of animals were administered with PGV-0 at the doses 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg b.w., p.o. once in a day for 6 days and at day 7 the animals were administrated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl) (20%, 2 mL/kg b.w. in liquid paraffin (i.p.). The effect of PGV-0 on serum transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphates (ALP) and total bilirubin were determined in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Further, the effects of PGV-0 on glutathione (GSH) content, catalase (CAT) and NO free radical scavenging activity also were investigated.@*RESULTS@#The results demonstrated that PGV-0 significantly reduced the activity of SGPT, serum ALP and total bilirubin in CCl4 induced rat hepatotoxicity. PGV-0 has effect on the antioxidant and free radical defense system. It prevented the depletion level of GSH and decrease activity of CAT in CCl4-induced liver injury in rats. PGV-0 also demonstrated the free radical scavenger effects on NO free radical scavenging activity with ES value of 32.32 μM.@*CONCLUSION@#All of our findings suggests that PGV-0 could protect the liver cells from CCl4-induced liver damages and the mechanism may through the antioxidative effect of PGV-0 to prevent the accumulation of free radicals and protect the liver damage.

Chemical-pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic fingerprints of Schisandra chinensis alcoholic extract / 药学学报

It is valuable to establish a chemical-pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamics (PD) fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for comprehensively understanding the TCM integrated conception and revealing the material foundation. The chemical, metabolic in vitro, and PK/PD in vivo fingerprints of Schisandra chinensis (SC) alcoholic extract were established and comparatively analyzed using HPLC-UV-MS method, rat liver microsomes in vitro and CCl4 intoxicated rats in vivo. Four known effective lignans, schisandrin, schisantherin A, deoxyschizandrin and gamma-schisandrin, were detected as the standard references in SC alcoholic extract with high concentration. SC alcoholic extract and four lignans when incubated with rat liver microsomes produced several metabolites in NAPDH-dependent manner. Chemical fingerprint of some components with bioactivities were also identified in PK and PD fingerprints in normal and ALI rats that explained the material foundation of SC alcoholic extract for multiple pharmacological effects. Schisandrin, schisantherin A, deoxyschizandrin and gamma-schisandrin could be considered as the "PK marker" of SC alcoholic extract or its relevant preparations, while two metabolites of the four lignans, 7, 8-dihydroxy-schizandrin and another one (M(W) 432), could be recognized as drug-metabolism (DM) Marker. This work provides experimental data for the further studies of metabolism or material foundation of SC components.

Experimental study of active ingredients group in liver protection from erzhi wan on acute hepatic injury induced by CCl4 in mice / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the active ingredients in liver protection from Erzhi Wan (AIEP) on acute hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mice.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into six groups: the normal group, the model group, bifendate group (150 mg x kg(-1)), high AIEP group (19.8 g x kg(-1)), middle AIEP group (13.2 g x kg(-1)) and low AIEP group (6.6 g x kg(-1)). The treatment groups were orally administered once per day for 7 d separately, whereas the normal and model groups were orally administered with saline. Except normal rats, all the other rats were injected intraperitoneally CCl4 20 mL x kg(-1) once. The rats were sacrificed 16 h after CCl4 administration. Serum and liver samples were collected for analysis. The acute hepatic injury model was prepared by CCl4 injected intraperitoneally. Then, the therapeutic effects of AIEP on the model were evaluated by the activity determination of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspirate aminotransferase (ALT and AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver,and the hepatic pathohistological changes following the treatment.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The activities of ALT and AST and the MDA content in liver was significantly increased and the activity of SOD was largely inhibited in the animals of modeling group. Following the treatment with AIEP, ALT and AST activities and MDA content were significantly reduced and SOD activity was obviously increased in the mice of treatment group. Furthermore, AIEP could ameliorate the hepatic pathological changes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>AIEP have protective effects on acute hepatic injury induced by CCL4 in mice, and are the effect of the liver protecting active sites.</p>

Hepatoprotective studies on haloxylon salicornicum: a plant from cholistan desert

The objective was to study the in-vivo hepatoprotective effect of aerial parts vi Haloxylon salicornicum [Moq.] Bunge [Family: Chenopodiaceae] in order to validate its traditional use in hepatobiliary disorders, by native people of Cholistan desert, Pakistan. Aerial parts [ethanolic extract] ofHaloxylon salicornicum [HS], [500 and 750 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 7 days] were evaluated on CC1[4] intoxicated rabbits [0.75 ml/kg., s/c.] by serum biochemical parameters and liver histopathological observations. Silymarin [100 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 7 days] was used as a standard hepatoprotective drug. CC1[4] intoxicated group had elevated levels of SCOT, SGPT and ALP significantly but TB level was normal as compared to control group. HS extract [both doses of 500 and 750 mg/kg] showed hepatoprotective effect by significant restoration of SCOT, SGPT, ALP and TB levels as compared to CC1[4] control. 500 mg/kg doses of HS extract produced more significant results as compared to 750 mg/kg doses and Silymarin. Histopathological examination of liver tissues further substantiated these findings. Therefore, outcome of the present study validate the traditional claims on hepatoprotective effects ofHaloxylon salicornicum [aerial parts]

Treatment of acute liver injury by intrasplenic transplantation of hepatic stem cells combined with heparin in rats / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the treatment effects of transplanted hepatic progenitor cells (WB-F344 cells) combined with heparin on the acute liver injury in SD rats.@*METHODS@#A total of 2*10(7) hepatic stem cells (WB-F344) infected with GFP lentivirus and 8 μL heparin were transplanted through the spleen in SD rats with acute liver injury, which was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of CCl4. The liver and spleen tissues underwent fluorescence examination 1 day after the transplantation. The liver functions were tested, and the liver tissues were histopathologically examined on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th day of the cell transplantation.@*RESULTS@#The transfected WB-F344 cells expressed GFP 3 days after the lentivirus infection and were found in the rat liver 1 day after the WB-F344 transplantation. The liver function and histopathological recovery of the liver tissues in the group of WB-F344 transplantation were better than those of the control group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Transplantation of hepatic stem cells combined with heparin can promote the liver recovery in rats with acute liver injury induced by CCl4.

Translocación bacteriana e infecciones en un modelo experimental de cirrosis en la rata / Bacterial translocation and infections in an experimental model

In summary the carbon tetrachloride/phenobarbital of cirrhosis in rats mimics human cirrhosis very closely, with development of ascites and SBP. This model shows us that bacterial overgrowth occurs as cirrhosis progresses and that bacterial translocation from the gut to extra-intestinal sites is part of the early pathogenesis of SBP. SID with norfloxacin dramatically reduced translocation and SBP at the expense of grampositive overgrowth and infection with gram-positives and colonization with strange gram negatives. SID with TMP-SMZ actually delayed development of ascites and prolonged survival.

Protective effect of garlic oil given at different time against acute liver injury induced by CCl4 / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe and compare the protective effect of garlic oil against carbon tetrachloride (CCL)-induced acute liver injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The experiments include 4 preventive groups and 2 therapeutic groups. In every preventive and therapeutic group, the mice were randomized into 6 groups with 15 each, including one negative control group, one solvent control group, one CCl4 model group and 3 garlic oil groups (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight). Before given a single gavage of CCl4 (80 mg/kg), the mice were pretreated with garlic oil by gavage in preventive group 1 (30 days, once daily), preventive group 2 (5 days, once daily), preventive group 3 (ahead of 2 h, once), preventive group 4 (immediately, once) or the vehicle (corn oil, 10 ml/kg) in solvent control group. In therapeutic groups, the mice were gavaged garlic oil 2 h (once, in therapeutic 1) or for 5 days (once daily, in therapeutic 2) after administration CCl. After 24 h of the last administration, blood was collected and centrifuged at 2500 r/min at 4 degrees C for 10 min, and serum was removed to measure ALT and AST activities. The liver was dissected, weighed to calculate the liver coefficient (relative liver weight). At the same time, the liver samples were studied by histological examinations.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with negative group, the liver coefficient and the activities of ALT and AST in serum of model group were increased remarkably (P < 0.01). Compared with CCl model group, the liver coefficient and the activities of ALT and AST in serum were decreased significantly (P < 0.01) by garlic oil dose-dependently in each preventive group. Simultaneously, histological assessment showed that garlic oil effectively alleviated hepatocyte injuries induced by CCl4. Comparing the preventive effects of garlic oil in every group, it was better in preventive group 3 than others. However, all indexes and histological examinations in therapeutic group 1 did not show the difference with those of CCl4 model group. In therapeutic group 2, all indexes recovered after 5 d of CCl4 administration.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Garlic oil can prevent acute liver injury induced by CCl4 and the effect is better in ahead of 2 h group than others.</p>

Effect of ethanol extract of flowers of Vitex Trifolia Linn. on CCL[4] induced hepatic injury in rats

Hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of flowers of Vitex trifolia [Verbenaceae] was studied against CCl[4] induced hepatic injury in albino rats. The plant extract [EVT] at the dose of 200 mg/kg, p.o. showed a remarkable hepatoprotective activity. CCl[4] induced a significant rise in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT], serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase [SGOT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], total bilirubin and gamma glutamate transpeptidase [GGTP]. Treatment of rats with EVT significantly [P<0.001] altered serum biomarker enzyme levels to near normal against CCl[4] treated rats. The activity of the extract was comparable to the standard drug, silymarin [100 mg/kg, p.o.]. Histopathological observations also revealed that treatment with EVT protected the animals from CCl[4] induced liver damage. The results indicate that the flowers of V. trifolia possess hepatoprotective activity on CCl[4] induced hepatic injury in rats